"dc-date","Redirect","Name","Id","Collection","Chronology","dc-title","UserLevel","dc-creator","dc-description","Type","Icon","dc-subject","dc-publisher" "","","Nezi Field 2007 by Ioannis Sapountzis (2007-05-18 to 2007-06-07)","Corinth:Report:Nezi Field 2007 by Ioannis Sapountzis (2007-05-18 to 2007-06-07)","Corinth","","Early Roman to Middle Byzantine Strata in area of Room F, North of Nezi field","","","INTRODUCTION; For three weeks Ioannis Sapountzis worked in the area designated “North of Nezi,” conducting cleaning operations and new excavation. The area where cleaning and excavation took place is located between E 278.30 to the east and E 271.60 to the west, N 1015.32 to the south and N 1022.90 to the north, and it is to the immediate north of the area known as “Nezi field.” Ioannis Sapountzis was the trenchmaster, Athanasios Magourakis the pickman, Panagiotis Stamatis the shovel man and Christos Bolevas the barrowman and sieve operator. Alica Carter was the supervisor and G. D. R. Sanders the director of the excavations.; ; The objectives of the work in the above said area were to initially clarify the situation as it was left by the 1961 excavations and then proceed into the investigation of the various structures and features that exist, in order to provide a better chronology for them, but also to be able to place them within the space around them.; ; The area was partially excavated in 1961. Besides that only one cleaning basket (B 5002) was excavated in the above mentioned area by Heidi Broome-Raines in the second training session of 2007. Therefore for the most part the area has remained untouched since 1961. Some of the terminology that was applied in the 1961 archaeological record, mainly the names of walls and other features, was reused by I. Sapountzis.; ; Excavation and cleaning started in the room that is located to the north of room F, E half (E 271.70-E 276.50, N 1020.70-N 1022.30). Wall 24 (NB 228) (E 271.60-E 274.5, N 1022.30-N 1022.90) that formed the northern wall of this room was removed. Two phases of wall 23 (NB 228) (E 271.15-E 276.60, N 1020.15-N 1020.90), which formed the southern wall for the above said room were also removed?. Then excavation and cleaning proceeded into room F, E half (E 271.60-E 276.75, N 1015.80-N 1020.35). Part of the foundation trench for a pithos (E 273.25-E 274.20, N 1019.15-N 1020.05) that was initially excavated in the 1961 season was dug. The extension of wall 20 (NB 228) (E 272.05-E 273.45, N 1015.80-N 1018.12) was also excavated. Finally wall 21 (NB 228) (E 277.60-E 278.50, N 1016.12-N 1021.45), which connects wall 19 (NB 228) and cuts through the probable extension of wall 23 (NB 228) was also removed.; ; EARLY ROMAN; The only early Roman contexts were excavated in B5109 and B5110. They were dated based on pottery. Both of them were located in the room north of room F, E half, and they were interrupted on the E by wall 21 (NB 228), and B5110 was interrupted in the S by wall 23 (NB 228). Upon excavating them, B5110 revealed a layer which contained ashes in its matrix, and which was later on linked with room F, E half, in B5141. Since B5141 had a middle Roman date, it is most likely that B5109 and B5110 were reused fill of some kind, probably as a subflooring for the room to the north of room F, E half.; ; MIDDLE ROMAN ; Against the east face of wall 22 (NB 228) in the room to the north of room F, east half, a foundation trench was excavated (B5106). The date on this foundation trench was based on the pottery. However the excavation of B5106 should be considered incomplete since due to the narrowness of the trench the pickman was forced to stop. Also in the same room, another cut was excavated (B5105) against the N side of wall 23 (NB 228). It was initially thought that B5105 was a foundation trench for an earlier phase of wall 23 (NB 228), however the excavating crew was unable to trace its full extent to the east and the west, and therefore it is possible that this is simply some pit. The only other middle Roman context (B 5107) excavated in the room to the north of room F, east half, was a deposit lying on top of an early Roman context (B5109 and B5110) which subsequently was positioned on top of a late Roman context (B 5140). Therefore B5107 is considered to be out of order stratigraphically, and is most likely reused fill as part of subflooring.; ; In room F, east half, part of the foundation trench for the large pithos was excavated (B5118). To the N it bordered with an earlier phase of wall 23 (NB 228) and to the W with wall 20 (NB228). The bottom of B5118 does not represent the end of the foundation trench for the pithos. It was simply decided to stop this basket at this point because excavating any deeper could cause the already cracked pithos to collapse and thus endanger the working crew. This is however an important context since it potentially dates the placement of this pithos within the room. The dating of this context was based on pottery and on a middle Roman coin, 2007-398.; ; A possible robbing trench for the upper courses of wall 20 (NB 228) was excavated by B’s 5123, 5144 and 5145. It is thought that wall 20 (NB 228) could have been robbed out of its upper courses in order to create a leveling area for a floor within room F, east half. The dating of this hypothetical robbing trench is based on pottery and a coin of Valentinian I or Valeus (Coin 2007-396).; ; The latest phase of wall 23 (NB 228) which separates room F, east half, and the room to its immediate north, was removed (B5156, B5136). The wall consisted of large and medium sized worked stones, field stones, large cobbles, a marble fragment (either part of a fountain or a perrirhanterion), and a fragment of a lintel block. To its east wall 23 (NB 228) is cutting through a north to south wall (E 276.60-E 277.40, N1016.05-N 1020.40), and to its west it is cut by wall 22 (NB228). Upon the removal of the latest phase of wall 23 (NB 228), what potentially could be another phase was noted on its east side and it was subsequently removed by B5137. Both phases of wall 23 (NB 228) mentioned here were dated to the middle Roman period based on pottery. ; ; The second phase (B5137) noted above is a bit problematic, since it is of the same construction technique with the previous phase, removed in B’s 5156 and 5136, but below it instead of another phase of wall 23 (NB 228) there was leveled ground. This area below B5137 is believed to belong to a foundation trench for a third phase of wall 23 (NB 228). This foundation trench was excavated in B5141 and it is located in the south side of wall 23 (NB 228) within room F, east half. To its west it is bordered by the foundation trench of the pithos (B5118) and to the east by the wall which connects wall 23 (NB 228) with wall 19 (NB228) (E 276.60-E 277.40, N1016.05-N 1020.40). It is very possible that the foundation trench for wall 23 (NB228) and the foundation trench for the pithos (B5118) are the same context, since they share similar matrices and have the same dates based on pottery. The foundation trench for wall 23 (NB 228) has not been fully excavated since a change in the matrix of the soil was noted, and it was therefore required to change the basket. However, due to time constraints, the rest of the foundation trench has remained unexcavated. The foundation trench for wall 23 (NB228) is dated based on pottery.; ; LATE ROMAN; In the room to the north of room F, east half, that is bordered by wall 23 (NB 228) on its south side, wall 22 (NB 228) on its west side, wall 24 (NB 228) on its north side, and the probable continuation of wall 21 (NB 228) on its east side, a significant amount of coins was recovered, 119 in total. The majority are of a late Roman date with some that belong to the middle Roman period. They were mostly concentrated on the east half of the room. B5092 had the largest concentration, 62 in total, all of which were of a late Roman date (Coin 2007-254 is just one example). B5092 together with B5093, B5089 and B5086 revealed a large deposit of roof tile fragments which spread from wall 22 (NB 228) to ca. 0.75 to the west of wall 21 (NB228). This deposit was excavated as B5096 and it also contained 48 coins, the majority of which belonged to the late Roman period. This tile layer is believed to be a leveling course for a floor and not an actual destruction layer. The reasoning behind this is the following. The roof tile fragments were all very small pieces, ca. 0.05 by 0.12, and normally when a roof collapses there are some larger pieces which survive, and in this deposit there were none. Not all of the tile fragments were lying flat on the ground, which means that they were dumped in this room instead of collapsing from the roof. Together with the roof tile fragments there was a large number of medium sized cobbles, which do not seem to belong to any of the construction techniques of the surrounding walls. The date of all of the above baskets, with the exception of B5093, is late Roman, and this is based on pottery and the majority of the coins recovered from this area.; ; Wall 21 (NB 228) which is interrupted on its south end by wall 19 (NB228), and on its north end appears to be cutting through an extension of wall 23 (NB228) only to fall apart at ca. 0.90 of that, was removed in B5126. The decision was made upon noting that the wall was sitting on earth, and therefore following a stratigraphic sequence it made sense to remove it. Wall 21 (NB228) was constructed of large orthostate blocks, spaced in between with smaller worked stones, field stones, and mud. This construction technique can be seen elsewhere in the “N of Nezi” area. It measured 5.33 in length, 0.65 in width, and had a maximum preserved height of 1.15. Wall 21 probably formed the west wall of what is referred to as room E (NB 228). A large number of coins (33) were retrieved from the dirt that formed the bonding material for the wall and from the floor on which wall 21 was placed (14 coins from B5130). The majority of the coins are of a late Roman date (such as 2007-411), with some middle Roman ones (such as 2007-433). Wall 21 (NB228) was dated as late Roman based on pottery and coins. The floor on which the wall was resting (B5130) was also dated as late Roman based on pottery and coins.; ; MIDDLE BYZANTINE; After excavating B 5089 in the room to the north of room F, E half (E 271.70-E 276.50, N 1020.70-N 1022.30) it was noted that a layer which contained numerous tile fragments was continuing underneath wall 24 (NB 228). It was therefore decided to remove wall 24 before excavating the tile layer. Wall 24 (B 5093) was constructed with a mix of worked and field stones, all of which were average sized. It was randomly coursed and its faces had a mix of fair faced and rough faced stones. It measured 2.95 in length, 0.65 on its maximum preserved width, and 0.35 at its maximum preserved height. To the W it was interrupted by wall 22 (NB 228) and to the E it was destroyed. If it were to continue to the E it would probably merge with wall 21 (NB 228). On its N side due to excavation work that took place in 1961 another wall (E 271.65-E 275.00, N1022.80-N 1023.40) could be detected on which wall 24 was partially positioned atop. Upon the removal of wall 24 the upper course of this lower wall was exposed. Wall 24 was partially incorporated in this upper course, but it also lay on the leveling layer created by the roof tile fragments. Wall 24 is dated to the 11th century AD on the basis of the pottery that was retrieved from its matrix. It is very possible that wall 24 together with wall 22 and the upper most phase of wall 23 (NB 228) created a room. What is important to note is that out of these three walls only wall 24 was resting partially on the roof tile layer, and therefore wall 22 and the upper phase of wall 23 could be earlier than wall 24.; ; B5133 is the only other context with a middle Byzantine date. B5133 is thought to be a foundation trench for the west end of wall 28 (NB 228) (E 277.00-E 278.30, N1022.30-N 1022.75). The bottom of B5133 does not represent the bottom of the foundation trench, but excavation had to be stopped because it was becoming too narrow for the pickman to proceed. Since this area has not been excavated since 1961 it is very likely that this is a contaminated deposit, therefore the middle Byzantine date is not a certain one, and middle Roman is another suggestion made by the director.; ; CONCLUSIONS; Some of the features excavated during this final session remain incomplete, and will therefore be part of the problems to be solved by future excavators. In the room to the north of room F, east half, there is an unfinished foundation trench excavated in B5106. This is the foundation trench for the west face of wall 22 (NB 228), and it was stopped because it was too constricted for the pickman to work. So far the material from there has placed it in the middle Roman period. Completing the excavation of this foundation trench could provide a date of construction for wall 22 (NB 228). ; ; Another unfinished foundation trench is in the area that is formed by wall 28 (NB 228) to its north, the probable continuation of wall 23 (NB 228) to the east, and wall 21(NB228) to the west. In this area the foundation trench for the south face of wall 28 was partially excavated. Completing the excavation of this trench could provide some useful dates for the construction of wall 28 and the structure that it creates to its immediate north.; ; In room F, east half, the foundation trench for the placement of the large pithos was also partially excavated. Until this point it provided with a middle Roman date for the placement of the pithos, but excavating it in its entirety is crucial in order to get a precise date for the use of this pithos. This is very important, since it was noted in the beginning of the session by the director that this pithos could potentially date to the 5th century BC, and thus if it is in use during the middle Roman period, then it is possible to get very useful information about the use and reuse of pithoi in antiquity.; ; Finally the foundation trench of the south face of wall 23 (NB 228) was partially excavated and provided a middle Roman date. Since it is bordering with the foundation trench for the bordering of the pithos, and they share the same dates, it will be important to excavate this context since it can provide useful information regarding the pithos and its relation to wall 23 (NB228).; ; Excavating below the floor on which the tile layer was lying on in the room to the north of room F, east half, is crucial in order to further investigate the existence, or not, of middle and late Roman coins. The concentration of such coins within a very limited space is very interesting, and further study of them in combination with other material culture, and the surrounding architecture could provide some useful information about activity in the N of Nezi area during these periods.","Report","","Corinthia | Ancient Corinth | Central Area | Nezi Field","" "","","Northeast of Theater 2022, Trench 19B, by O’Connor, Kelly E. and Uritis, Catherine A. (2022-05-09 to 2022-05-27)","Corinth:Report:Northeast of Theater 2022, Trench 19B, by O’Connor, Kelly E. and Uritis, Catherine A. (2022-05-09 to 2022-05-27)","Corinth","","NET Trench 19B, Session II Final Report","","","Kelly E. O’Connor and Catherine A. Uritis; Corinth 2022 Session II (5/9/22- 5/27/22); 27 May 2022; ; Northeast of Theater, Trench 19B, Session II Final Report; ; Elevations of Identified Road Levels in 19B South East Extension ; – Measured in Northern Scarp of Cut 46 “Cut through Upper Road”; – Subject to change upon further examination; 1 (Potential paved road) 58.95; 2 Additional potential layers between Roman fill TBD; 3 (Exposed, compact road, cut for wall 30) 60.12; 4 (Thin road, cut for wall 30) 60.17; 5 (Over wall 30) 60.35; 6 (Entirely through scarp) 60.60; 7 (Disturbed by gulley) 60.93; 8 (Disturbed by gulley) 61.02; 9 (Exposed upper road) 61.52; ; PERSONNEL; Christopher Pfaff (Director), Ioulia Tzonou (Associate Director), James Herbst (Architect), Panos Kakauros (Foreman), Vasilis Kollias (shovelman), Phanis Kollias (wheelbarrow and sieve), Kelly E. O’Connor (recorder) and Catherine A. Uritis (recorder); ; INTRODUCTION; In Session II May 9-28, 2022, it was decided that excavation of the destruction layer in NET 19B (Deposit 30) would be completed and then 19B would be extended to the south in an attempt to define Wall 25 and the compact surface (floor?) of Deposit 31. The first area of excavation, 19B 30 is located from 1378 N-1375 N and 28 E -35 E. The first extension is located from1375 N – 1373 N and 28 E – 33 E, to the south of wall 25. The southern extension revealed multiple soft fills, most notably a mixed fill in the East (Deposits 37 and 41). Dr. Pfaff determined that this mixed fill was a result of T. Leslie Shear’s 1920’s excavations. Once we reached Wall 30 at the bottom of Deposit 41, it was decided that another extension would be opened to the East and South to determine the depth of the previous excavation trench, located 1375 N – 1371 N and 33 E – 35 E. Most of this session was dedicated to defining and understanding previous excavation decisions. More definitive chronology was discovered in the scarp during study week and K. O’Connor and C. Uritis split their time between the museum and the site. Once the final depth of the modern deposit was discovered and Panos indicated a change in soil, excavation ceased on Thursday May 26, 2022.; ; ROMAN ; The earliest Roman activity appears within Context 46. As very little non-contaminated pottery was found, stratigraphy is the main source of identification of this chronology. Excavation identified a potential paved road (1) running north-south, indicated by a large, flat stone beneath later layers of road and road fill. Other layers of road (2) are potentially identifiable in the scarp of the ancient cut through the roads but will require more study for comprehensive understanding. More fill was accumulated over these potential surfaces, after which a very compact road (3) was laid. The eastern edge of road 3 begins 1,05m from the east scarp and has a width of 1,07 m. Road 3 continues into both north and south scarp, but was cut to the east, down to at least the level of road 1, after its construction. The reasoning for this is unknown and would require further investigation, but the area of the cut would presumably have been filled in the Roman period. Over the compact road, another level of Roman road (4) was laid, which is identified within the north scarp of Contexts 46 and 41. This next phase extends 2,12 m from the east in the northern scarp, where the compact road also terminates. After this road was constructed, both roads 3 and 4 were cut on the western side, presumably to allow for the construction of wall 30 which abuts both road levels. The wall is 1,13 m wide, beginning 2,12 m from the eastern scarp, and has an elevation of 60.51-60.20. The western half shows a more finished face, while the eastern half of the wall may have been robbed out, leaving just the cobbling to be seen. ; ; BYZANTINE; Wall 30 was demolished, signaling some sort of change in use of space. While it is unknown whether the destruction was intentional or not, it allowed for a new road surface (5) to be laid over the entire length of the scarp. Separated by additional fill, Byzantine roads 6-9 were built. The Upper Road (9) is a continuation of the surface identified bellow Deposit 19B 6. The western sides of the 3 final road layers are obscured in the northern scarp as road fill, as the gulley identified in 18B 19 and 19B 8 presumably continued through the road. ; ; To the northeast of the roads, a flat, very hard floor was identified, the same as found in Context 29. The floor slopes down from the south, indicating that the builders did not cut the earth to make a level surface. Wall 25 was then built over the compacted surface, suggesting that the floor was associated with the wall in one structure. The floor may be the coeval with the one on which Wall 20 in 18 B sits. After the wall and floor were constructed, there was some sort of destruction, indicated by a debris layer (discovered in 19B 28, further revealed in 19B 29, and excavated in 19B 30) of ash and burnt tiles, primarily the local Laconian style. As mentioned in 19B 16 and 19B 17, a later Byzantine robbing trench (8) cut through the debris and was filled.; ; MODERN; A deposit of modern soft fill was discovered in Deposits 37, 41, and 45, with a max. depth of 3 m. The modern fill cut through the upper road surface, down through the layers of Byzantine and Roman roads to the level of road 3 and wall 30. The modern fill then continued down through the ancient cut of road 3 to a level of undisturbed soil at the elevation 58.95. Excavation notebook 324 confirmed that this fill was a result of T. Leslie Shear’s 1929 excavations. Modern ceramic finds additionally substantiate the identification. The trench was labeled “North Trench” and was excavated by DeWaele. It measures 36 m east/west, approx. 3 m north/south, and 3 m deep. On April 12, 1929 a plan was drawn of the trench (p.883). 19B overlaps with L 15, M 15, and N15; the wall is present in the plan, labeled as “l” and described as a “well built foundation [ion?] (1.50)”. The road surfaces are not mentioned. While Shear was attempting to locate the road north of the theater, it appears excavators removed all Byzantine and most Roman roads in the process.; ; An additional modern cut was found through the modern fill for an irrigation trench and pipe, presumably for the orange grove above. ; ; CONCLUSION/FUTURE RESEARCH QUESTIONS; Further study can be done to better define the Roman and Byzantine road surfaces exposed in the scarp of Shear’s trench. Additionally, excavations can be conducted to the south to reveal what lays beyond Shear’s excavated area. Other important questions include the direction and extent of the ancient north-south cut through the road surfaces. As the end of the modern fill was reached, continuing to excavate further down within said cut may provide a better chronology and understanding of its nature. Finally, the pipes of 16B which were originally expected to be seen within the scarp, are apparently missing. Excavations to the north may clarify their location or the lack thereof.","Report","","Corinthia | Ancient Corinth | Northeast of Theater","" "","","Temple E, Southeast 2014 by Maggie Beeler and Morgan T. Condell (2014-04-07 to 2014-04-28)","Corinth:Report:Temple E, Southeast 2014 by Maggie Beeler and Morgan T. Condell (2014-04-07 to 2014-04-28)","Corinth","","Final Summary, Session I (Unit 2, Church Nave)","","","Maggie Beeler, Morgan Condell; Session 1; Temple E, Southeast Excavations; N-S 1074.64-1071.50; E-W 126.00-122.70; April 2014; ; This is the final summary of the first session of excavation in 2014 in the Temple E, Southeast excavations at Corinth. Guy Sanders (Director) and Jody Cundy (Field Director) supervised. The area supervisors consisted of Maggie Beeler and Morgan Condell (recorders), and the workmen were ThanasisNotis (foreman and pickman), Tasos Tsongas (pickman), Angela Stamati (shovelwoman and barrowwoman), MariosVathis (barrowman), and PanosRonzokos (shovelman). ; ; The excavation area was the NW quadrant of the church nave in the complex known as Unit 2. This was previously excavated during the 1990 field season (NB 831, NB 835). The excavation area was bounded to the north by the north wall of the church (Structure 20, N-S 1075.11-1074.52, E-W 129.51-122.06) and its robbing trench, and to the west by the narthex cross wall (Structure 21, N-S 1074.44-1067.99, E-W 123.52-121.98) and the later threshold (Structure 22, N-S 1072.09-1070.55, E-W 123.31-122.25) built into it. The northwest pier base (Structure 23, N-S 1073.63-1072.29, E-W 125.25-124.03) also fell within the excavation area. Because the excavation area was sectioned in order to facilitate future micromorphological analysis within the church, the eastern (E 126.0) and southern (N 1070.50) boundaries were established to align with the grid. ; ; The goal of this session was to locate the earlier floor of the church, since the raised threshold in the narthex cross wall was a later addition associated with a later floor, in order to gain a better understanding of the use phases of the church and when it went out of use.; ; Frankish Period (1210-1458 A.D.); ; The earliest phase of activity is represented by two graves cut into a fill that has yet to be excavated. Grave 2014-06 (Cut 137, N-S 1073.85-1072.58, E-W 125.95-125.22, filled by Context 129), which abuts the eastern face of the NW pier base (Structure 23), was an oval pit grave (L 1.27, W 0.73, Depth 0.61m), which contained the skeleton of a single primary adult inhumation. Skeleton 136 (Bone Lot 2014-06) was in extended supine position with both arms crossed over the abdomen, with its head to the N end of the grave facing S, head and shoulders propped up with a stone and earthen fill. Material from the fill of the grave included a fragment of a Protomaiolica Slipped Painted plate and a fragment of a Metallic Ware Unslipped pitcher, both of Frankish date. Four coinswere found, three of which are quite early. 2014-49 and 2014-53 are Greek, and 2014-54 is Roman Imperial. The fourth coin (2014-57) is illegible. Other material from the fill included a number of fragments of clear glass, including one with applied threads. These finds suggest a terminus post quem for the fill of the grave in the Frankish period.; ; Grave 2014-03 (Cut 126, N-S 1072.68-1070.59, E-W 125.75-125.00, filled by Context 112) was a oval pit grave (L 2.09, W 0.75, Depth 0.74 )located in the southeastern portion of the excavation are. It contained the skeleton of a single primary adult inhumation. Skeleton 127 (Bone Lot 2014-03) was in extended supine position with both arms crossed over the abdomen, with its head to the N end of the grave facing S, head and shoulders propped up with a deposit of earth and tile. Pottery from the fill of the grave included a fragment of a Glaze Painted I Slipped pitcher and several White Ware sherds, all of Byzantine date. Two coins were found, one of which was illegible (2014-45) and the other is a Byzantine coin of Leo VI (date:886-912 A.D.) (2014-37). Though the pottery and coin dates suggest a terminus post quem in the Byzantine period, we suspect that this grave belongs to a later period, as it cut into the same fill and at the same elevation as Grave 2014-06, which has a terminus post quem in the Frankish period. This may be further supported by fragments of a clear glass goblet with ring foot and two clear colored glass fragments, one with applied thread and one with applied prunt from a prunted beaker, which were found in the fill and suggest a Frankish date.; ; These two graves were overlaid by a shallow fill extending over the eastern portion of the excavation area, including the eastern half of the NW pier base (Context 105, N-S 1074.68-1070.59, E-W 125.98-124.46). The pottery from this fill included a sherd of a plain White Ware plate, a fragment of a Slipped Plain Glazed bowl, both of Frankish date. A coin was also found (2014-33), however it is a Roman Imperial coin from the House of Constantine Dynasty, and therefore is not diagnostic for the context. Fragments of glass were also recovered from the fill, including 2 fragments of clear colorless glass with applied threads. The material from the fill suggests a terminus post quem in the Frankish period.; ; Another grave was found in the southwest portion of the excavation area along the narthex crosswall, just east of the later threshold (Structure 22). Grave 2014-04 is cut into an as yet unexcavated fill. It is unclear whether Grave 2014-04 is cut into the same fill cut into by Graves 2014-03 and 2014-06, since an as yet unexcavated baulk lies between them, which was created when we further sectioned the excavation area. Grave 2014-04 (Cut 188, N-S 1072.21-1070.45, W 123.20, filled by Context 99) is a subrectangular pit grave (dimensions to be determined), which contained the skeleton of a primary adult inhumation (Skeleton 121, Bone Lot 2014-04), with a secondary deposit of disarticulated human remains (Bone Lot 2014-12) including many long bones and four skulls (three were excavated and assigned Bone Lots 2014-07,08,09) overlaying its lower legs. Skeleton 121was in extended supine position with both arms crossed over the abdomen, with its head to the N end of the grave facing S-SW, head and shoulders propped up with tiles and earth, with a tile positioned vertically along the eastern side of the skull. Skeleton 121 appears to be complete, except for the feet, which were disturbed when this grave was truncated by Grave 1990-41A-C to the south. The grave was not fully excavated due to heavy rain at the end of Session I, such that the bottom and eastern extent have yet to be determined. The top of the skull of a small child was exposed in the NW of the grave, and may represent another burial or further disarticulated remains. Material from the fill of the grave included one fragment of a Sgrafitto IV bowl, as well as the base of a Green Glazed Painted bowl (with joining fragments in Context 52, C 2014 6). Part of a gold and pearl earring (MF 2014 3) was found near the left leg of Skeleton 121. Two coins were found in the fill, one of Byzantine date (2014-58). The other (2014-68) is a coin of Charles I or II Anjou (1278-1289 A.D) minted at Clarenza,. Several fragments of glass were also found in this fill, including one with applied threads. The material from the fill of the grave suggests a terminus post quem in the Frankish period. The grave was overlaid by a shallow fill (Context 83, N-S 1072.34-1070.64, E-W 124.08-123.23) that ran east of the narthex crosswall, extending south from the rubble feature abutting Wall 21, which remains to be explored in future excavation. An overturned undecorated marble column capital was embedded in this fill, and may have served as a marker for the grave. This fill also contained one fragment of a Metallic Ware Unslipped pitcher, and two sherds of Glaze Painted IV slipped ware, as well as several fragments of clear glass, one with embedded thread, one with applied thread, and several fragments that may have belonged to a lamp (cf. MF 1992-36). This material suggests a terminus post quem in the Frankish period for this fill.; ; Turkish I Period (1458-1680 A.D.); ; The entire excavation area was overlaid by a deposit of differentiated lenses of fill (Contexts 25, 52, 61, 67, 69, 70, 74, 77, 81), which we believe to be part of the same activity. This fill is dated to the Turkish I period by a sherd of Posgrafitto ware(early 16th c.) found in Context 52. Other material that was common to all of these differentiated lenses included fragments of clear glass, and a large concentration of Frankish pottery.; ; This fill underlies the remains of a cement bedding for a later floor (Context 47, N-S 1072.81-1071.78, E-W 126.01-125.10), portions of which we found in situ in the eastern portion of the excavation area. This cement bedding would have been laid on a tile leveling fill, represented by Contexts 14 & 49 (N-S 1072.82-1070.99, E-W 125.74-124.74). This preserved cement floor bedding was exposed during the 1990 field season, and extended discontinuously across the church, particularly to the E and S.; ; Evidence for a decorative floor is represented by numerous fragments of Cosmati style floor and marble architectural elements (Lot 2014-001). These include cemented fragments of gray and white marble along with black and red cut stones found within multiple contexts, including the fill of all three graves as well as the fills above them (Contexts 83, 99, 112, 129, 52, 105). We hope that further excavation will clarify the relationship between these Cosmati floor fragments and the preserved cement floor bedding (Context 47).; ; The Turkish I fill was also cut by two pits along the N boundary of our excavation area, abutting the exposed scarp of the robbing trench of Wall 20. The cut for the pit in the NW corner (Cut 44, N-S 1075.42-1073.96, E-W 124.09-123.25, filled by Context 32) was difficult to determine because it was highly disturbed. This is due in part to erosion from long exposure, but also due to previous excavation in this area (NB 835, Basket 53, pp.97-98), which identified but did not fully excavate a grave pit of which this may be a part.Material from the fill of the pit included disarticulated human bone and evidence for heavy bioturbation, as well as fragments of glass, painted plaster, and a small amount of pottery including a fragment of a Late Sgrafitto Slipped Style VII bowl and a Slipped Plain Glazed bowl, as well as Roman and Pre-Roman material.; ; The second pit, located further E along the scarp of the robbing trench (Cut 45, N-S 1074.65-1074.26, E-W 125.48-124.35, filled by Context 28), may also have been associated with burial activity, given the high frequency of disarticulated human remains. It appears to have been truncated and disturbed by the robbing of Wall 20. Material from the fill of the pit included a coin (2014-43) which was illegible. The pottery included a fragment of a Slipped Plain Glazed bowland a Neolithic burnished bowlsherd. Other material included several fragments of clear glass, and one shoulder fragment of an early 4th c A.D. lamp with a black painted vine scroll design.; ; Due to the poor preservation of the cement floor bedding, it is unclear whether these pits predate it, or cut into the later floor surface.; ; Recommendations for Future Work in this Area:; ; 1. Determine extent of Cut 188, and complete the excavation of Grave 2014-04.; 2. Remove the baulk created by sectioning of the excavation areato clarify the relationship of the fill cut by Grave 2014-04 and the fill cut by Graves 2014-03 and 2014-06.; 3. Two grave cuts run underneath this baulk and were partially revealed by removal of Context 105. These should be excavated.; 4. Investigate the NW corner, underneath the upturned column capital to determine whether a burial is located there.; 5. Determine the nature of the rubble structure running along the Narthex crosswall (Structure 21).; 6. Continue excavating fill inside of church, with the hopes of clarifying the phases of its use and architectural history.","Report","","Corinthia | Ancient Corinth | Central Area | Temple E, Temenos | Temple E, Southeast","" "","","Temple E, Southeast 2015 by Rodríguez-Álvarez, Emilio and Tanaka, Kurtis T. (2015-05-04 to 2015-05-31)","Corinth:Report:Temple E, Southeast 2015 by Rodríguez-Álvarez, Emilio and Tanaka, Kurtis T. (2015-05-04 to 2015-05-31)","Corinth","","Final Report Unit 2, Room 3. Session II.","","","Introduction:; This is the final report for the second session of excavations of the 2015 season for Room 3, Unit II in the area of Temple E SE. In the 1990’s, Room 3 was divided by the grid system and, consequently, excavated in two different sequences. The south side was excavated during April 1992 (NB848: 1-152), by C. Keesling, while the north side was excavated during the second and third session of the 1992 season (NB853: 52-83) by M.R. Scottan. During the 2015 season, this area was unified and the excavation area was bounded by walls on all four sides. Based on the few stones still visible from the lowest courses of the walls, their original outline was traced (North Wall: 1066.80-1065.30N, 109.20-114.50E; South Wall: 1058.50-1056.90N, 109.40-115.70E; East Wall: 1065.00-1057.90N, 114.50-115.70E; 1065.20-1058.50N, 108.50-110.10E. All measurements restored). ; It is important to note, however, that all four walls that delimited the room where heavily reconstructed during April 2015. Only the S section of the W wall presents a stretch of original wall longer than 1.5 m (1063.00-1058.40N, 108.90-110.40E), which turned up to be essential for the dating of the room, as illustrated below. Even when some traces of the wall were visible, blocks were covered by new courses of stone, making it impossible to assess the dimensions of these original sections. The original traces of walls, as represented in the plans of the excavated context, were traced from an orthophoto of the room that postdates the consolidation works and later compared to the visible traces of original masonry on the sides of the walls. Emilio Rodríguez-Álvarez and Kurtis T. Tanaka supervised and recorded the excavations of Room 3, with the assistance of workmen Panos Stamatis, Hecuran Ҫoli, Michalis Vathis, and Memos Karvouniaris. Dr. Guy Sanders (Director) and Larkin Kennedy (Field Director) supervised.; ; ; Goals of excavation:; The aim of the excavation of this area was to resume the work left by Keesling and Scottan during the 1992 season and to obtain a clearer picture of the chronological sequence of the use of this room, in preparation for the backfilling of this area and its subsequent opening to visitors. Current excavations were complicated by the room’s exposure since the 1992 excavations as well as the conservation works mentioned above, leaving both the upper layers of the room dry and compacted. It was only with the removal of these topmost layers that the stratigraphy of the room became clearer.; ; ; Frankish Period (AD 1210-1450); The Mid 13th Century; Context 771, a dump fill, constitutes the earliest deposit excavated in the area during the 2015 season, dating to the mid 13th century based on the pottery. This deposit helped to provide the chronology, based on stratigraphic relationships, to contexts 778, 780, and 782, dated as well to mid 13th century. These contexts together compose a compact brown surface with charcoal inclusions that were cut by the later large pit created by cut 777 (113.90-109.90E/1058.90-1065.00N). Though this surface was noticeably compact, it does not seem to have been an actual floor as it is likely that at this time this area was an open space west of the church. This surface did not extend into the NW corner of the room. Rather, at this time (dated by the pottery), fills associated to the reconstructed N wall (contexts 730, 111.30-109.50E/1062.65-1065.20N and 732, 112.70-111.30E/1065.30-1065.90N) were deposited in this portion of the room. No coins were recovered from the contexts of this period.; ; 13th to 14th Centuries; Later in the 13th century, or perhaps in the early 14th, a deep circular pit defined by cut 763 (113.60-112.50E/1061.85-1062.85N) (filled by 746 and 755), ca. 1m in diameter and 2m deep, was cut into the surface made up by contexts 778, 780, and 782. The pit was filled rather quickly after the cut was made as joins were found throughout. The material recovered from the pit was characterized by a much higher density of pottery, bone, and charcoal, most likely the waste of food preparation that took place nearby. One sample from context 746 and two from context 755 were taken for flotation and analysis. It should be noted, however, that no evidence for such food preparation activities was found in Room 3 itself. Three coins were recovered from context 746 (nos. 2015-158, -164, and -165) and five from context 755 (nos. 2015-182, -195, -197, -209, and -211). Of these, three are roughly contemporary, 2015-164 and -182 of William Villehardouin, and 2015-197, a French issue possibly of Louis IX. The pit was also rich in non-ceramic finds, including a large amount of glass (including prunted beakers), iron fragments (including an iron handle inventoried as MF-2015-15), shell, and bronze fragments, including a bronze finger ring inventoried as MF-2015-23. The only decoration the state of preservation of the ring allows to elucidate is a small incused square in its centre.; This juncture spanning the 13th and 14th centuries also saw significant activity in the southern extent of the area that would become Room 3. At this time two levelling fills (contexts 657 and 667, dated by the pottery) were deposited in the area. Their original extents cannot be traced due to later activity in the room (namely the large pit formed by cut 777, discussed below), however, it is clear that they were deposited over the surface defined by contexts 778, 780, and 782. These two layers extended under the walls that would later define Room 3, and thus provide a terminus post quem for the walls’ construction. Indeed, it is possible that these two fills were deposited in anticipation of the South wall, with the context 667, rich in large stones, laid to provide a more stable basis for the wall’s construction. Though dated by the context pottery, seven coins were recovered from context 667 (nos. 2015-78, -79, -80, -82, -84, -85, and -86) and eight from context 657 (nos. 2015-58, -59, -60, -67, -68, -69, -72, and -73). Of these, only coin 2015-69, an issue of William Villehardouin, is roughly contemporary, though still somewhat earlier, than the pottery. The rest are earlier issues, mostly dated to Manuel I or Latin imitatives. Along with an average amount of iron, glass, and bronze recovered from the area, three bronze spindle hooks were recovered along with one bronze bead or button, inventoried as MF-2015-27.; In the northern extent of Room 3, levelling fills were deposited (contexts 677, 681, 727, and 737), each dating between the second half of the 13th to the 14th centuries, based on the pottery, likely to prepare the area for the “Frankish floor” removed above these contexts during the 1992 campaign. These were deposited directly overlying the surface defined by contexts 778, 780, and 782 and were later cut by a pit excavated in 1992 (pit 1992-1). One coin was recovered from context 677 (no. 2015-92) and two from context 727 (nos. 2015-178 and -179); two of these (nos. 2015-92 and -179) were Manuel I and dated to the Byzantine period, and thus are much earlier than the date given by the pottery. Coin 2015-178 is a Latin imitative type A coin, and dates somewhat closer to the period defined by the pottery, ca. 1204-1261 CE. One find was inventoried from these contexts, a lead weight (MF-2015-8) found in context 677. ; Sometime in the late 13th to early 14th centuries a large shallow cut (context 777, 113.90-109.90E/1058.90-1065.00N, filled by 693, 697, 709, 721, 738, 744, 771, 776) extended over a large portion of Room 3. This cut truncates the pit defined by cut 693 and cuts the levelling fill for the “Frankish floor.” The earliest fills of this pit are contexts 744 and 776, dated by the pottery to the late 13th to early 14th centuries. Only one coin was recovered from these contexts, no. 2015-157 from context 744, a Latin imitative type A coin, dating slightly earlier than the context itself.; The early 14th century; The large pit (cut context 777) was filled more extensively in the early 14th century (contexts 738, 697, 709, 721, and 693). Two coins were recovered from context 738 (nos. 2015-142 and -150) and five from context 697 (nos. 2015-101, -102, -103, -107, and -108). Of these, all were earlier Byzantine issues save nos. 2015-103, a French issue of the early 13th century, and 2015-142, an issue of William Villehardouin. Contexts 697, 709, and 721 were especially rich in finds, with a large amount of iron, glass (including fragments of prunted beakers), and bronze recovered. One find was inventoried from this fill, a bone die (MF-2015-22) from context 709. Despite the numerous finds from the fills of the pit, its purpose remains enigmatic. Unlike the pit made by cut 693, it is less clear if this pit was made solely to receive the waste of food preparation. The presence of butcher marks on some of the bones, however, prompted the taking of two flotation samples from context 721, and it is hoped that the analysis of these samples will yield a clearer picture of the use of this area and the pit.; This pit was capped by levelling contexts 690 and 649. Into this last deposit, a pit (cut 653, filled by context 650, 111.80-110.90E/1061.45-1062.10N) was dug at about the same time as its initial deposition. All this activity dates to the early 14th century based on pottery (contexts 690, 650). Only one coin was recovered from these contexts, no. 2015-52 from context 649, a coin issued by William Villehardouin dating as late as 1278. Finds were comparatively few from these contexts, but include a few glass fragments of a prunted beaker and an iron double hook (none were inventoried).; ; ; Conclusions:; Work in Room 3 during the 2015 season yielded important information pertaining to the phases of use of the area that would become Room 3. One of the most significant findings of the season was yielded by contexts 657 and 667, which provide a terminus post quem for the construction of the walls of Room 3. It seems likely that these two fills were used to create a firm, level basis for the walls and thus the walls must post date the late 13th to early 14th centuries.; We are thus able to rethink the early use of Room 3 as an open area in the cluster of rooms west of the church. The two main pits in the area (cuts 763 and 777) provide ample evidence for the types of activities that might have occurred in the wider area, namely the preparation of food (though it should be reiterated that no evidence was found for such activity in the room itself) and the use of the area of Room 3 as a location to dump the detritus from those activities. It would seem, however, that the walling in of the area was not enough to change the area’s function, as the cutting of the large central pit (cut 777) appears to post date the construction of the walls. The surface associated to the definition of this area as a room would be the context excavated in 1992 as Frankish floor, a white clay surface recorded extensively in the excavation of the Frankish quarter (described in detail in NB848:150-151 and NB853: 80). ; ; ; Recommendations for Future Excavation:; As the area is currently being backfilled to be made ready for tourists, it is unlikely that further exploration will be easily made in the area. A more fruitful endeavour would then be to reconcile the findings of the 2015 season with those of the 1992 campaign. In particular the general dating of the area needs further work, as pit 1992-1, dated to the mid-13th century, seems to have cut through contexts to which our work has ascribed later dates. A review of the materials recovered from the 1992 excavations will therefore be necessary to clarify the chronology of Room 3.","Report","","Corinthia | Ancient Corinth | Central Area | Temple E, Temenos | Temple E, Southeast","" "","","Temple E, Southeast 2015 by Danielle Smotherman and Tim Brannelly (2015-05-04 to 2015-05-22)","Corinth:Report:Temple E, Southeast 2015 by Danielle Smotherman and Tim Brannelly (2015-05-04 to 2015-05-22)","Corinth","","2015 Session II, Frankish activity in Unit 2, Room 9","","","Danielle Smotherman; Timothy Brannelly; Temple E, Southeast Excavations; Session II; Unit 2, Room 9; N: 1086.73, S; 1079.10 N, E: 132.85 E, W: 126.83 E; 4-22 May 2015; ; 2015 Session II, Frankish activity in Unit 2, Room 9; ; This is the final summary of the second session excavation for 2015 in Room 9 of Unit 2 in the Frankish quarter, Temple E Southeast. Guy Sanders (director) and Larkin Kennedy (field director) supervised. Danielle Smotherman and Timothy Brannelly (area supervisors) recorded. The workmen were Thanasis Sakellariou (pickman), Christos Sakellariou (shovelman), and Panagiotis Rontzokos (barrowman, sieve). ; Excavation work focused on Room 9. In Room 9, the area of excavation was bounded by the walls of the room: the East wall (Wall 659: N. 1087.97; S. 1079.86; E. 133.18; W. 130.68), the North wall (Wall 700: N. 1087.11; S. 1086.23; E. 126.99; W. 130.93), the West wall (Wall 720: N. 1086.14; S. 1079.21; E. 128.46; W. 126.48), and the South wall (Wall 729: N. 1079.62; S. 1078.48; E. 132.11; W. 128.35). Excavation in room 9 was done in order to clarify the dating and the relationship between the walls of this room to the other areas of Unit 2 in preparation for the area being presented to the public as part of the Frankish Quarter. Especially of interest was the relationship between the church and the construction of Room 9. ; ; Excavation in Room 9 was begun in Session I 2015, prior to that it had not been excavated since 1996 (NB888 P1-46). The final two days of Session I excavation, 27th and 28th of April, were spent in Room 9. In Session II, Room 9 was excavated 4th-22nd May 2015. The majority of the excavation time in Session II was dedicated to the removal of a very large pit cut into the space, which produced an enormous amount of soil, pottery, bones, and small finds. On the 11th of May, there was a significant amount of rain, which necessitated putting aside soil to dry on the morning of the 12th prior to sieving and created a backlog on the sieve. This soil was not completely sieved until the 15th. The large pit has been a massive endeavor and the team has been greatly aided by Angela Stamati (sieve), Vasillis Kollias (barrowman), Kostas Arberoris (acting as shovelman), Wesley Bennett (sieve, pottery, small finds), Kurtis Tanaka, and Emilio Rodriguez-Alvarez (sieve).; ; Unit 2, Room 9, excavated 4/5/2015-15/4/2015; ; Frankish Period (AD 1210-1458):; All contexts excavated in the Session II excavation in Room 9 date between the late 13th and 14th centuries by pottery and coins. ; During the third quarter of the 13th century, it is most likely that the space of Room 9 was outdoor. A courtyard surface (Context 772) is preserved in the eastern half of the room, cut by several pits. That courtyard surface is securely dated to the second half of the 13th century by three William Villehardouin coins (coins 2015-227, 2015-228, and 2015-230) all of the CORINTVM type that date AD 1250-78. The courtyard surface was prepared by a leveling fill (Context 792) that was probably put down at one time, even though the pottery represents a mix of periods, because the fill is homogenous throughout. The fill contained three minor finds: a marble stopper (MF-2015-18), a fragment of a glass bracelet (MF-2015-17), and a glass tessera with gold leaf (MF-2015-34). The leveling fill was above an earthen surface, which was not excavated this season. The fill is also securely dated to the second half of the 13th century by three definite William Villehardouin coins, two CORINTI (coins 2015-266 and 2015-313), the other a CORINTVM (coin 2015-312), and two other coins that are most likely also Villehardouin CORINTVM or CORINTI (coins 2015-316 and 2015-320).; ; A large pit (Context 733/717/726/747, L. 5.7 m, W. 3.1 m, N. 1083.88; S. 1079.99; E. 130.80; W. 127.50) was dug into the courtyard surface during the fourth quarter of the 13th century and filled with a mix of pottery, animal bones, industrial rubbish such as iron crucibles, part of a glass kiln, and domestic refuse including crochet hooks. The middle layer in the pit, Context 726, contained a stamped amphora handle from Zakynthos (C-2015-1), and the following minor finds: an iron weight (MF-2015-11), an iron door handle (MF-2015-10), an iron knife (MF-2015-35), an iron blade (MF-2015-38), a square iron buckle (MF-2015-36), a pierced bronze disc (MF-2015-37), a bone die (MF-2015-30), a bronze pendant (MF-2015-33), a glass bead (MF-2015-39), a silver pendant (MF-2015-9), and a silver necklace with a coral pendant, silver cross, bronze cross, and glass bead (MF-2015-21). The top level of the pit, which spills outside of the cut of the pit, included a pilgrims’shell (MF-2015-19) and a bronze earring (MF-2015-40). The pit most likely represents a trash dump that may not reflect the use of nearby spaces. Excavation of the pit also revealed the side of a cistern, which was not excavated this session as it remains under nearly a meter of fill in the eastern half of the room. ; ; Numismatic finds in the pit were numerous with a total of 40 coins found, several of which securely date to the Frankish period. In addition to several Byzantine coins, several of which belong to Manuel I, AD 1143-1180 (coins 2015-143, 2015-161, and 2015-204), Context 726 yielded several Frankish coins belonging to William Villehardouin as well as several French Royal coins also belonging to the 13th century. Coins 2015-124 and 2015-127 are Villehardouin CORINTI coins, Coin 2015-139 is a Villehardouin CORINTVM coin (both dated c. 1250-1278). Coin 2015-138 is a French St. Martin of Tours coin utilizing the imagery of the castle Tournois, which Villehardouin also used on some of his coins, dated to the 13th century, while coins 2015-145 and 2015-201 belong either to the reign of Louis VIII or Louis IX and are dated 1223-1270. In addition, coin 2015-149, although illegible, is most likely either a French royal or a Frankish Villehardouin coin. Likewise, Context 747, the lower sense of the large pit, yielded a similar assortment of coins, albeit a smaller number. Several of the coins from Context 747 were unfortunately illegible, but are most likely Frankish, including coins 2015-184 and 2015-186. The only secure Villehardouin coin from context 747 is Coin 2015-164, a CORINTVM type. Furthermore, the deposit at the bottom of the pit (Context 773), which, according to pottery, is actually not part of the pit and represents the level to which the pit was cut, has a date of the fourth quarter of the 13th century, indicating that the pit must have been cut and filled during the later part of the fourth quarter of the 13th century. Context 773 also yielded a single Villehardouin CORINTI coin (Coin 2015-215), which may have found its way into this lower level when the pit was cut. For a list of all the coins by their respective contexts and with their dates, see the attached chart. It is worth noting that none of the coins postdates William Villehardouin and 1278.; ; In the fourth quarter of the 13th century, the area ceased to be used as a trash dump and became an indoor space. The first wall definitely constructed in the space of Room 9 was the North wall (Wall 700: N. 1087.11; S. 1086.23; E. 126.99; W. 130.93). The pottery from the foundation trench for the N. Wall, Context 706, indicates a date of the fourth quarter of the 13th, and the three Villehardouin CORINTVM coins from the trench, Coins 2015-111, 2015-112, and 2015-113, can be dated 1250-1278, thus confirming the date from the pottery. A leveling fill which covers the foundation trench also dates to the late 13th century by the pottery (Context 696) and indicates the beginning of the indoor use of the space. The floor itself was excavated in 1996 (NB888 B38 P42; NB888 B41 P45-46), at a higher elevation. The East wall (Wall 659: N. 1087.97; S. 1079.86; E. 133.18; W. 130.68) and its respective foundation trench (Contexts 673/672) is only generally dated to the early 14th and late 13th centuries by the pottery. The West wall (Wall 720: N. 1086.14; S. 1079.21; E. 128.46; W. 126.48) rests on the bottom of the large pit (Contexts 733/717/726/747), which could have served as the foundation trench for the wall in the late 13th century and was partially robbed out in the later 13th/early 14th centuries, so the foundation and the robbing out of the wall may be very close in time (Contexts 664/663). Excavation thus far has not indicated a date for the South wall (Wall 729: N. 1079.62; S. 1078.48; E. 132.11; W. 128.35), but it may be contemporary with Wall 720 because they do meet at the SW corner of the room along with Wall 156. It is not clear how the walls bond, so their stratigraphic relationship is in question. In general, the corners of the room are obscured or the walls appear to rest against one another without clear stratigraphic relationships: the Northwest corner of the room is obscured by a robbing trench (Walls 700 and 729), the Northeast corner includes touching walls (Walls 659 and 700), the Southeast corner is disturbed by the pit in the corner (Walls 659 and 729), and the Southwest corner (Walls 720 and 729) meet. It is possible that the relationship at the corner of 729 and 720 could be clarified by further excavation, but it is not clear at the current level of excavation. Wall 729 was later extended to the west by Wall 156, which dates to the mid- to late-13th century (cf. Bennett Session I summary), indicating that Room 9 was an interior space prior to either the creation of an enclosed passageway north of the Church or prior to the enclosure of the southern end of Room 8.; ; Multiple layers of fill, unevenly distributed in the room, were excavated and represent multiple depositional activities in the space during the late 13th - early 14th centuries, dated generally by the pottery (Contexts 652, 674, 676, 679, 683, 685, 699, 694, 704, 712, 715). These layers of fills appear to be contained within the walls, with only the unexcavated earthen surface appearing to go under the east wall (Wall 659). In part, some of these could be leveling fills to raise the floor level, possibly to the 14th century floor level excavated in 1996, a small portion of which was excavated in Session I (NB888 B38 P42; NB888 B41 P45-46; Contexts 628 and 634). Among the levels of fill, a bronze hinge comes from a layer of ashy fill (MF-2015-32, Context 652), a lead mending strip was recovered from Context 712 (MF-2015-20), a lead seal was recovered in the trench 692/695 (MF-2015-31), and another bone die in the fill directly above the pit (MF-2015-29, Context 685). It is possible that the space went out of use for a short period of time when two small and relatively shallow circular rubbish pits (Contexts 660/665 and 661/666), a small post hole (Context 689), and a larger rectangular trench of unknown use (Context 695/692, L. 1.87 m., W. 1.0 m., D. 0.20 m., N. 1083.60; S. 1083.00; E. 129.50; W. 127.68) were cut into the fill.; ; Above the tile floor removed in 1996, the previous excavators also encountered a layer of destruction debris, primarily tiles, which was originally dated to the late 13th-early 14th century and now thought to be 14th century in date (NB888 B32 P36, NB888 B37 P41) providing evidence for when the room went out of use. ; ; Early Modern:; The pit in the center of Room 9 is a later intrusion (NB888 B18 P22-23; NB888 23 P26; NB888 B24 P27; NB888 B25 P28). It was excavated in 1996 to a total depth of 0.80 m and the material of the fill dated primarily to the 18th and 19th centuries, with some earlier materials included (a 12th century coin, Coin 1996-150, and some 16th century pottery). The final lense in the pit contained 13th century pottery, but this most likely indicates material disturbed by the cut of the pit rather than the date of the pit itself. This pit cut through a portion of the large pit (Contexts 733/717/726/747) excavated in Session II. ; ; Future goals:; 1. Full inventory of all the minor finds from Room 9. As time was limited, not all minor objects were fully inventoried by the end of Session II, although all were noted. These objects can provide more information on the use of the space in the late 13th-early 14th centuries. ; 2. Try to find a foundation trench for the South wall (Wall 729) of Room 9 to help clarify the construction dates of the wall as well as to identify the relationship between Wall 729 and Walls 270, to the North, and 156, to the West. ; 3. Explore the cistern under the courtyard, the side of which was revealed by the excavation of the large pit, and which needs to be excavated and filled prior to the final consolidation of Room 9. ; 4. Further excavate the room to get a better understanding of its function prior to becoming an indoor space and its relationship to the church. ;  ; APPENDIX I: COINS; ; Context 639; Coin 43 (sieve) Byzantine (1204-1261); ; Context 647; Coin 49 (sieve) Not a coin; Coin 51 (sieve) Frankish (1223-1250); Coin 53 (sieve) Frankish (1200-1299); ; Context 652; Coin 56 (sieve) Illegible; Coin 57 (sieve) Not a coin; Coin 62 (sieve) Frankish (1250-1278); Coin 63 (sieve) Frankish (1250-1278); Coin 64 (sieve) Not a coin; Coin 65 (sieve) Byzantine (1143-1180); ; Context 663; Coin 75 (sieve) Byzantine (1143-1180); ; Context 676; Coin 91 (sieve) Byzantine (1204-1261); ; Context 679; Coin 93 (sieve) Byzantine (1204-1261); Coin 94 Illegible; Coin 95 Frankish (1223-1270); ; Context 683; Coin 96 (sieve) Not a coin; ; Context 688; Coin 97 (sieve) Frankish (1223-1270); ; Context 692; Coin 98 (sieve) Byzantine (1143-1180); ; Context 696; Coin 100 (findspot) Frankish; Coin 106 (sieve) Frankish (1250-1278); ; Context 704; Coin 109 (sieve) Frankish (1250-1278); ; Context 706 (foundation trench for Wall 700); Coin 111 (findspot) Frankish (1250-1278); Coin 112 (findspot) Frankish (1250-1278); Coin 113 (sieve) Frankish (1250-1278); ; Context 715; Coin 130 (sieve) Frankish ; Coin 117 (sieve) Byzantine (1143-1180); Coin 132 (sieve) Not a coin; ; Context 717 (top of large pit?); Coin 118 (findspot) Greek (400-300 BC); Coin 119 (sieve) Frankish (1223-1270); Coin 120 (findspot) Byzantine; Coin 121 (sieve) Byzantine (1143-1184); Coin 122 (sieve) Greek ; Coin 123 (sieve) Byzantine (1204-1261); Coin 125 (sieve) Frankish (1250-1278); Coin 126 (sieve) Frankish; ; Context 720 (Wall, under a loose rock); Coin 212 (findspot) Illegible; ; Context 726 (large pit); Coin 124 (findspot) Frankish (1250-1278); Coin 127 (findspot) Frankish (1250-1278); Coin 128 (findspot) Roman Imperial; Coin 129 (sieve) Frankish; Coin 137 (findspot) Byzantine (1204-1261); Coin 138 (findspot) Frankish (1235-1278); Coin 139 (sieve) Not a coin; Coin 141 (sieve) Frankish (1250-1278); Coin 143 (sieve) Byzantine (1143-1180); Coin 144 (sieve) Byzantine (1143-1180); Coin 145 (findspot) Frankish (1223-1270); Coin 149 (findspot) Frankish (1223-1270); Coin 152 (sieve) Byzantine (1150-1190); Coin 153 (sieve) Byzantine ; Coin 154 (sieve) Frankish (1250-1278); Coin 155 (sieve) Not a coin; Coin 156 (sieve) Illegible; Coin 159 (sieve) Not a coin; Coin 160 (sieve) Illegible; Coin 161 (sieve) Byzantine (1143-1180); Coin 162 (sieve) Not a coin; Coin 194 (sieve) Illegible; Coin 201 (sieve) Frankish (1223-1250); Coin 203 (sieve) Byzantine (1143-1180); Coin 204 (sieve) Illegible; Context 747 (large pit); Coin 163 (sieve) Not a coin; Coin 164 (sieve) Illegible; Coin 180 (sieve) Byzantine (1082-1118); Coin 181 (sieve) Byzantine (1075-1080); Coin 183 (sieve) Illegible; Coin 184 (sieve) Frankish (1250-1278); Coin 185 (sieve) Illegible; Coin 186 (sieve) Illegible; Coin 187 (sieve) Illegible; Coin 196 (sieve) Byzantine (1078-1081); Coin 199 (sieve) Byzantine (1070-1095); Coin 202 Not a coin; ; Context 772 (courtyard paving); Coin 227 (sieve) Frankish (1250-1278); Coin 228 (sieve) Frankish (1250-1278); Coin 229 (sieve) Illegible; Coin 230 (sieve) Frankish (1250-1278); Coin 231 (sieve) Byzantine (1143-1180); Coin 232 (sieve) Byzantine (1143-1180); Coin 261 (sieve) unread; ; Context 773 (level at bottom of large pit); Coin 213 (sieve) Byzantine; Coin 215 (sieve) Frankish (1250-1278); ; Context 792 (leveling fill under courtyard paving); Coin 261 Frankish (1250-1278); Coin 262 (findspot) Greek Imperial (193-217); Coin 266 (findspot) Frankish (1250-1278); Coin 268 (findspot) Byzantine (1081-1118); Coin 270 (findspot) Byzantine (1204-1261); Coin 291 (sieve) Roman Imperial; Coin 293 (sieve) Frankish (1250-1278); Coin 309 (sieve) Not a coin; Coin 310 (sieve) Byzantine (1204-1261); Coin 311 (sieve) Roman Imperial; Coin 312 (sieve) Frankish (1250-1278); Coin 313 (sieve) Frankish (1250-1278); Coin 314 (sieve) Roman Imperial; Coin 315 (sieve) Roman Imperial; Coin 316 (sieve) Frankish (1250-1278); Coin 317 (sieve) Illegible; Coin 318 (sieve) Illegible; Coin 319 (sieve) Not a coin; Coin 320 (sieve) Frankish (1250-1278); Coin 321 (loose dirt in Wall 659) Frankish (1250–1278)","Report","","Corinthia | Ancient Corinth | Central Area | Temple E, Temenos | Temple E, Southeast","" "","","Northeast of Theater 2022, Trench 16C, by Madson, Luke and James, Jesse (2022-05-30 to 2022-06-24)","Corinth:Report:Northeast of Theater 2022, Trench 16C, by Madson, Luke and James, Jesse (2022-05-30 to 2022-06-24)","Corinth","","Northeast of Theater 16C Excavation Summary","","","Luke Madson and Jesse James, Session III 2022 (May 30 - June 24); ; Excavation Summary:; ; This excavation took place from May 30 to June 17, 2022, during the third excavation session of the season. It continued work done in the same trench in the second session (May 2022) recorded by Kaia Brose and David Picker-Kille, for which see [prior field report]. Jesse James and Luke Madson worked as trench recorders under the supervision of Chris Pfaff (Director) and Manolis Papadakis (Assistant to the Associate Director). James Herbst (Architect) and Ioulia Tzonou (Associate Director) also offered guidance on our complex and sometimes bizarre stratigraphy and Michael Ierardi assisted with the identification of our coins. In our trench, Argyris Tsirikis was our Pickman (newly appointed) and worked hard in consultation and collaboration with Athanasios Notis (Foreman); Argyris was supported by our Shovelman Agamemnon Karbouniaris, our good-natured Barrowman Sotiris Raftopoulos, and our eagle-eyed Sieve Operator Ilias Soli (Hekuran Coli), who also picked occasionally.; ; Area Description:; ; The excavation area consisted of a rectangular trench and was designated NET 16C, that is north east of the Theater, Trench 16C. The coordinates for the area when initially opened were: 35.0 E to 41.0 E and 1387.5 N to 1385.0 N. At the time we began our rotation, the trench had three main architectural features: Wall 27 which runs slightly off N-S axis; Wall 28 running east from Wall 27 and partially embedded in the southern scarp; and Water Pipe 3, running N-S and dividing NET 16 C from NET 16 B. The excavations were carried out largely in relation to Wall 27; from May 30th to June 2nd we worked E of the wall, moving west of the wall from June 2nd to June 16th. On June 10th the architectural features of the Vaulted Drain began to emerge and on June 16th the Amphora Deposit and Branch Drain were excavated.; ; Phases:; ; Hellenistic: ; ; We found no evidence of activities in this area during the Hellenistic period (but note that two Hellenistic Sikyonian coins were found in contexts that are dated by pottery to the 1st century CE).; ; Early Roman: ; ; We uncovered two apparent drain structures that we have dated preliminarily to the 1st century BCE: a “Vaulted Drain” (Structure 96 in iDig) and a “Branch Drain” (Structure 97), the latter containing the amphora deposit below, with significant remains of approximately ten amphoras. The Vaulted Drain, and possibly the Branch Drain, was likely built shortly after foundation of the Roman colony in 44 BCE and its centuriation at approximately the same time. The Vaulted Drain aligns with a major N/S road of the Roman era uncovered in Trench 16 B (directly adjacent to the W), a road whose width may originally have extended into our trench, although we found no direct, independent evidence of it. ; ; Vaulted Drain; The most significant structure excavated in Trench 16C during the June session was the Vaulted Drain (Structure 96), a stone structure running N-S at the west end of Trench 16C, below Water Pipe 3. As so far exposed in the trench, it consists of a wall, partial arched ceiling, and apparent floor layer. 1.74m of the drain’s N-S length has been excavated. The floor’s elevation is approximately 57.89masi (ca. 3.4m below current topsoil), and the arch’s highest interior point is ca. 1.25m above the floor. The wall of the drain (which is the western wall of the visible structure) consists of a main lower course of large, moderately worked rectangular poros stones (the largest stone is 0.79m tall and 1.22m wide) topped with a course of smaller worked poros stones (ca. 0.2m tall), possibly with mortar between them. At its top this wall curves into the arch of the ceiling consisting of smaller unworked stones (rounded, hard limestone and conglomerate, ca. 0.12–0.35m in length) and bonded into a vault structure with a rough pinkish mortar embedded with small pebbles (0.001 to 0.008m dia.). There is an apparent floor layer consisting partly of worked rectangular stones and partly of soil. The stones run beneath the bottom course of wall stones, indicating that they were set there deliberately, as part of the construction of the Vaulted Drain. Further investigation of these stones and what lies beneath them is needed. They are of different sizes and their top surfaces are now set at slightly oblique angles and elevations, making an irregular floor surface. The larger floor stone measures approximately 0.7m N-S by 0.8m E-W (visible exposed surface); the smaller stone, directly to the N, is 0.31 by 0.33m. The soil around the stones was not compacted to a hard surface, possibly indicating that other floor stones were previously in place and were subsequently removed. An alternative interpretation is that the “floor” stones are not a floor at all but served another function. ; ; The existing arch of the ceiling of the Vaulted Drain appears to peak ca. 0.25m east of the wall surface. Assuming a symmetrical arch, and that we have the highest point of the arch (which seems correct), we would expect an eastern wall to the Vaulted Drain ca. 0.5m from the existing wall. But we found no direct evidence of such an eastern wall: no large worked rectangular stones (no worked stones at all), no other large stones that appeared part of the same structure as the western wall and arch, and no inclusions of mortar matching the mortar of the arch. This evidence suggests one of two possibilities: either the eastern half of the Vaulted Drain was fully disassembled in antiquity (see dating discussion below), removing all traces of the disassembly within the area of our trench; or the drain is significantly wider than appears to be indicated by the remains of the arched ceiling. ; ; The outside top of the Vaulted Drain’s arched ceiling is covered with a reddish, perhaps clayey soil, and Water Pipe 3 sits ca. 0.4m above the top of that ceiling, also in reddish soil. During excavation, that 0.4m depth of soil appeared to be in two layers, which suggests that the pipe may have been laid some time after the Vaulted Drain was built. But the pipe appears to be centered directly over the Vaulted Drain, which could indicate that it was laid at the same time. If that is the case, it may be that this 0.4m of reddish soil was placed deliberately both as a kind of sealing layer over the Vaulted Drain and as a bedding layer for Water Pipe 3.; ; Branch Drain; Slightly to the east of the Vaulted Drain, at the north side of the trench, we discovered what we have called the “Branch Drain” (Structure 97) running roughly SE to NW. It becomes visible in its path from the E (at 36.95m in the easting in our trench, elevation 58.3masl) at a height of ca. 0.5m above the floor level of the Vaulted Drain. At this point the Branch Drain is 0.25m wide, and widens to ca. 0.4m by the time it exits the trench to the N (at 35.25m in the easting, elevation 57.95masl), with a total exposed length of 1.7m and drop of 0.25m. At its westernmost visible point the Branch Drain is less than 1.0m from the floor of the Vaulted Drain. Some stones still in situ between the SW curve of the Branch Drain and the Vaulted Drain may originally have been part of the Branch Drain walls.; ; We only partially excavated the Branch Drain, even within the boundaries of our trench. We excavated as far E as the west side of Wall 27 (which is a much later wall, for which see below, under “Byzantine”), and have not uncovered the north or south sides of the stones that form its walls. We have also not found a point at which the Branch Drain joins the Vaulted Drain, although we presume such a joint slightly north of the boundary of our trench. Hence the description and interpretation here are highly provisional. ; ; The Branch Drain appears to consist of two walls or sides built of unworked, dry-stacked stones. At the moment of writing there appear to be three or four courses of stones in these walls, but more excavation is needed to confirm what remains of the entire structure. This Branch Drain also has a partial tile floor. At its eastern visible limit the drain is oriented mostly E-W, but curves more toward the northwest as it proceeds west toward the Vaulted Drain. The tile floor slopes down visibly, and the tiles give way to soil after two visible overlapping tile courses. The top tile shows 0.4m of visible length and 0.33m of visible width, and is 0.03m thick. The Branch Drain’s stone sides also slope downward. (Some of this slope of the sides of the drain could be a result of inadvertently removing structural stones during the excavation process. We attempted not to remove any stones that were parts of an obvious structure, but some large stones were excavated in this context and they might originally have been built into the drain sides).; ; Amphora Deposit; One of the major breathtaking finds from the trench occurred on the final day of excavation. A deposit of perhaps eleven amphoras and one mortar, mixed with non-amphora potsherds, some large stones (ca. 0.2 to 0.4m long), and soil, was found in and above the Branch Drain. This deposit, roughly in the shape of a steep wedge, was approximately 0.7m wide (N-S), 1.6m long (E-W), and 1.7m deep at its highest, easternmost point. We were not able to determine definitively whether this deposit was placed into a man-made trench, but its position directly above the Branch Drain indicates that the deposit was made into and onto that man-made drain (the soil within and around the amphoras and stones may have been deposited by natural erosion). All the amphoras appeared to have been lying on their sides (none deliberately placed upright). We did not collect elevation points on individual amphoras in situ, but the highest was found at approximately 59.35masl. All of the amphoras were broken, but the completeness of the remains suggests that none had been moved more than once or twice between the end of its functional life and its final deposition here, and that therefore their deposition was intentional and expected to be final. At least two amphoras (C-2022-7 and C-2022-20) appear to have been deposited as complete vessels, although parts of them (the mouth of C-2022-7 and one longitudinal half of C-2022-20) remain in situ in the trench scarp as of the time of writing. Preliminary analysis indicates that the amphoras date to between the 1st century BCE and the 1st century CE.; ; As study and cataloging of the amphora remains is ongoing, and additional ceramic material remains underneath Wall 27, this is a preliminary catalog of the approximately ten amphoras from this location: ; ; C-2022-7 (Amphora 1); Dressel 2-4 with dipinto, 1st cent BC to 1st cent CE; ; C-2022-8 (Amphora 2): Dressel 21-22 (resinous substance on interior), 1st cent. CE (cf. C-80-180) ; C-2022-9 (Amphora 3): Spanish Dressel 2-4, 1st cent BC to 1st cent. CE (fragments originally labeled C11 [Amphora 5] and C16 [Amphora 9] have been determined to be part of C-22-09); C-2022-10 (Amphora 4); Dressel 6A(?), 1st cent. BCE to 1st cent. CE; C11 (Amphora 5); see C-2022-09; C-2022-12 (Amphora 6): pompeii vii amphora, end of 1st cent. BCE to 1st cent. CE; C-2022-13 (Amphora 7): thin-walled sandy fabric amphora toe; C-2022-14 (Amphora 8); pompeii vii amphora; C-2022-15 (spouted mortar): late 1st cent. BC to early 1st cent CE (cf. C-2004-12); C16 (Amphora 9); see C-2022-09; C-2022-17 (Amphora 10): Pompeii vii; C-2022-18 (Amphora 11): Pseudo-Coan; C19 (Amphora 12); see C-2022-15; C-2022-20 (Amphora 13 = C19 [fragments originally labeled C19 (Amphora 12) have been determined to be part of C-2022-20) ; ; Water Pipe 3; Water Pipe 3 (Structure 95) runs N-S directly above the Vaulted Drain, centered at 34.645m east, with a top elevation of approximately 59.96m above sea level. Within Trench 16C the pipe slopes slightly from N to S, with a drop of 0.023m over a length of 1.585m (this is surprising because the general slope of the landscape here is gradual from S to N). Its diameter varies from 0.107m to 0.127m (the greater width is at the junctions) with approximately 3 segments (ca. 1.6m) currently exposed in situ. As noted above, the apparent continuity of red clayey soil from the top of the Vaulted Drain up to the bottom of Water Pipe 3, along with the similar orientation of the two structures and Water Pipe 3’s position approximately centered over the Vaulted Drain, suggest that Water Pipe 3 was laid down close in time to the construction of the Vaulted Drain. As explained in detail below, that was likely between 44 BCE and the mid-1st century CE.; ; ; Dating; The Vaulted Drain, Water Pipe 3, and the Branch Drain were likely constructed between 44 BCE and the middle of the 1st century CE. The founding of the Roman colony in 44 BCE provides the terminus post quem. Two separate sets of evidence provide the same terminus ante quem: the dating of the amphora deposit in the Branch Drain, and the pottery deposited around Water Pipe 3.; ; The manufacture and use of the amphoras and the mortar have been preliminarily dated to the period from the 1st century BCE to the 1st century CE. A single coin was found in the amphora deposit (Coin 2022-440) and dates to between 40 and 30 BCE, shortly after the founding of the colony. The non-amphora pottery within the amphora deposit dates to the second half of the 1st century CE. These dates provide a terminus post quem for when the Branch Drain went out of use (although not a precise date as the amphoras were likely used for a significant duration after their manufacture). It is unclear how the amphoras came to be in the Branch Drain (deliberate human action? Mudslide?); it is also unclear whether they were all placed there at one time or over a long period of time. Because no material in the amphora deposit dates after the end of the 1st century CE, we conclude that the deposit was in the Branch Drain by that time, and therefore that the Branch Drain was out of use by ca. 100 CE (although the Vaulted Drain may have continued to function). Because it was defunct by the end of the 1st century CE, the Branch Drain was likely built somewhat earlier, probably at or before the mid-1st century CE.; ; Pottery found in the soil directly surrounding Water Pipe 3 (in both Trench 16C, Context 68 and Trench 16B, Context 111), indicates that the pipe was laid in the 1st century CE.; ; As discussed above, stratigraphy indicates that the Vaulted Drain was built either before or at the same time as Water Pipe 3. And because the Branch Drain is apparently ancillary to the Vaulted Drain, it is likely that the Vaulted Drain was built before or at the same time as the Branch Drain (this hypothesis should be clarified in next year’s campaign, when the conjectured meeting point slightly to the north can be explored). These two structures therefore converge on a terminus ante quem for the Vaulted Drain of the mid-1st century CE. ; ; On present evidence it is difficult to settle on a date for the Vaulted Drain more specific than between 44 BCE and ca. 50 CE. On one hand, the Vaulted Drain appears to be a major infrastructure and planning project aligned with the Roman road. This suggests that it was part of the original centuriation of the colony and therefore was built soon after 44 BCE. On the other hand, Water Pipe 3 may have been laid at the same time that the Vaulted Drain was built. But this points to a 1st century CE date, decades after the founding of the colony. ; ; ;  ; Late Roman (4th to 6th cent.):; ; Disassembly of the Vaulted Drain; The Vaulted Drain’s fragmentary state within trench 16C--no eastern wall and incomplete arched ceiling--and the lack of remains from the eastern wall and the eastern part of the arch, suggest that at some point the Vaulted Drain stopped being used and that part of it was deliberately removed, i.e., robbed out. The deep deposit of loose sandy fill within the Vaulted Drain (in particular from Contexts 84, 91, and 92) appears to date to the Late Roman period from both pottery and coins (e.g. Coin 2022-403 dates to 347–48 CE). The entire deposit was of similar texture and soil type, with no apparent stratigraphy between layers, suggesting that it was deposited within a short period of time. Because we failed to number the buckets of pottery as they were excavated from Context 84 (a fill whose height was 0.84m containing 34 kg of pottery), we cannot now distinguish between pottery from the top of 84 and that from the bottom, to determine if there is in fact any discernible chronological distinction between the top and bottom layers. Yet Contexts 91 and 92, both beneath Context 84 and just above the Vaulted Drain’s floor layer, also contain a mixture of early Roman and late Roman pottery and therefore indicate that they were part of the same deposit as Context 84. Hence it appears that the Vaulted Drain was partially disassembled, and filled, in the Late Roman period.; ; Bronze ring: One find of particular note was a bronze finger ring (MF 2022-39), located quite close to the Vaulted Drain’s floor in Context 91; while this ring has yet to be conserved, its basic form is that of Type 1A finger ring with a setting (Davidson 1952: 228). It is most similar to Davidson No. 1819 (Plate 102/MF 7176; cf. Davidson No. 1818). As this ring form seems to be common in Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine contexts (see Davidson 1952: 232, indicating a gap from the 5th to 10th centuries CE), it is consistent with a late Roman dating for the deposit.; ; Domitian coin: Another noteworthy find from the fill in the Vaulted Drain was Coin 395, a bronze assarion of Domitian, minted in Corinth between 85 and 87 CE. On the reverse is depicted a tetrastyle temple on Acrocorinth, seen in perspective from the left corner. This coin, with the obverse head of Domitian facing right, is an example of a hitherto unknown die combination (all published examples with this reverse pair it with an obverse head facing left). This coin, found in Context 84, is chronologically consistent with the wide chronological variety of the pottery found in that deposit.; ; Road; Unlike in Context trench 16B, immediately adjacent to the west, we found no definite road surfaces dating as early as the Late Roman period. To the west of Wall 27 the lowest clear road surface was Context 71 or 72, both of which still contained Byzantine green glazed monochrome and other Byzantine pottery dating to the 12th century. Similar layers of road may lay east of Wall 27 but remain to be excavated. ; ; The disassembly of the Vaulted Drain and the lack of Late Roman road surfaces suggest that the area between Water Pipe 3 and Wall 27 was not used as a road surface during the Late Roman period. There may have been a Late Roman road which was either intentionally removed or naturally washed out. Perhaps a flash flood or a partial collapse of the Vaulted Drain caused the east side of the Roman Road to subside in the Late Roman period. Then inhabitants may have taken the opportunity to partly disassemble the Vaulted Drain, fill it in, and then use the disturbed area as something other than a road. ; ; Byzantine:; ; We have found no features or objects datable to the roughly 600 years from Late Roman to the 12th century CE. 12th century features include Walls 27 and 28, apparent road surfaces to the W of Wall 27, and levels of fill to the E of Wall 27.; ; Road; In the Byzantine Period a road ran N to S along the western side of the trench, to the W of Wall 27. The width of this road may continue East of Wall 27 but this remains to be seen. While the earliest apparent layer or fill of the road contained some 6th Century CE Late Roman pottery, no layer appears to date earlier than the 12th cent. CE. The manner of road construction appears informal: rather than any sort of paved surfaces, the stratigraphy revealed a series of hard packed earth surfaces with occasional inclusions and/or potholes, though since there was no formal construction we cannot say how many road layers there were or the thickness of a given layer. The precise width of the road is similarly not yet secure. At some point in the 12th Century, a cut was made for a foundation trench for Wall 27 (below). ; ; Wall 27 ; Wall 27 appears to be continuous with a wall segment in Trench 18C to the south (although the two segments may not be in perfect alignment with each other). Its construction dates to the 12th Century CE based on pottery in the foundation trench (context no. 48). This wall (length 2.25 m running the entire width of the trench; width varies from .60 to .66 m; height 1.09 m at maximum surviving height) is characterized by 2 large worked blocks (block (1) width .71 m; height .44 meters; thickness .36 m; block (2) width .62 m; height .70 m; width .32 m; apparent spolia from another structure) in the east face which sit on 2 or 3 courses of at least partly worked stone blocks. There are a few worked smaller square blocks in the wall placed irregularly. The west face is mostly made of irregular unworked cobbles and larger stones 6 or 7 courses high. The fill that went up and over the remaining portion of Wall 27 also dates to the Byzantine Period (Pottery NPD), suggesting the wall went out of use later in the Byzantine or Post Byzantine Periods. Notably, in the fill directly beneath the lowest course of stones on the west side of Wall 27, an intact Roman unguentarium was found (C 2022 6); when dated, this object will establish a terminus post quem for the construction of the foundation trench and wall. Wall 27 provides a 12th century eastern limit for the width of the road after it was constructed. Whether the wall was cut into the middle of an existing Byzantine road, or built against the side of that road remains to be seen.; ; Wall 28 ; Wall 28 runs along the south edge of the eastern side of the trench (length 0.41 m; exposed thickness 0.35 m in W to 0.23 m in E; height 0.15 - 0.20 m). The stones and tile on top are 0.10 to 0.15 m in width forming a sort of capping cours. Wall 28 is an enigma and remains only partially exposed as the scarp encloses the south-facing side. There does not appear to be a foundation trench on the north facing side but the soil level that is at the level abutting the wall and that was in use with the wall with the first course of stones dates to the 12 century CE (pottery). The date of this fill and the construction of the wall probably date to the 12th or later. Wall 28 appears later than Wall 27 based on two features: (i) its base is at a higher elevation than the base of Wall 28 (suggesting deposition of earth after the construction of Wall 27 and before that of Wall 28), and (ii) Wall 28 butts to the E face of Wall 27 rather than being bonded or integrated into the larger wall’s stonework. Wall 28, as it remains now, consists of three or four courses of irregular cobbles and small flat stones and tile pieces. As with Wall 27, the fill which covered the wall dates to the Byzantine Period (Pottery NPD), suggesting this wall went out of use later on in Byzantine or Post Byzantine Period.; ; Suggestions For Future Excavators:; ; A great deal of further excavation is needed to clarify this trench. A parallel trench to our south might be opened to better account for the south-facing side of Wall 28 and any possible foundation trench. Such southern exploration would clarify the purpose of Wall 28 as it relates to Wall 27 and whether it functions as an internal wall to a larger structure. Similarly, such investigation would continue to clarify the courses of Wall 27, Water Pipe 3, and the Vaulted Drain, and the course of the Branch Drain as it lies in relation to its possible source to the (south?) east. A similar parallel trench might be opened to the north as well, in order to better clarify the relationship between the Branch Drain and Vaulted Drain which may join just beyond our north scarp. Digging both north and south would also clarify the disassembly of the Vaulted Drain, and whether this occurred throughout the Vaulted Drain structure. The Amphora Deposit may continue to the NE as evidenced by the remains of Amphora 1 still in the scarp to the north and Amphora 13 underneath Wall 27 to the east. Additional amphora finds from next year’s campaign will need to be collected in relation to the amphoras we excavated to complete their conservation and show us their level of preservation. The road layers and deposits underneath, like the Amphora Deposit, may be better clarified with the removal of Wall 27.","Report","","Corinthia | Ancient Corinth | Northeast of Theater","" "","","Nezi Field 2007 by J. Matthew Harrington and Theodora Kopestonsky (2007-05-21 to 2007-06-08)","Corinth:Report:Nezi Field 2007 by J. Matthew Harrington and Theodora Kopestonsky (2007-05-21 to 2007-06-08)","Corinth","","Early Roman to Modern periods in the area north of Nezi field","","","Excavation Summary; During the third training session of the 2007 season, we, J. Matthew Harrington and Theodora Kopestonsky, conducted excavations in the area north of the Nezi field for a total of fourteen days between 21 May 2007 and 8 June 2007. We worked under the supervision of Guy Sanders, James Herbst, Alicia Carter, and Sarah James, with three workmen each day: Panos Kakouros (pickman), Kostas Arboris (shoveller), and Takis ??? (barrowman). Initially, our area of excavation covered approximately 51 square meters, located at 272.8 to 266.2 E and 1014.4 to 1022.6 N. This area is located north of W19 and its robbing trench (NB228), south of the north wall of Room F (NB228), east of the west wall of Room F (NB228), and west of W22 and its foundation trench (NB228). This area is divided along an east-west axis by W38 (NB228), and there were large depressions remaining from the 1961 excavations of Bothros 6 (NB228) and Bothros 7 (NB228). The descriptions of earlier excavations in this area are to be found in notebook 228 and in Nezi north B5001 to B5082. Prior to the second excavation session, cleaning passes were taken over the entire area (B5002, B5003). The global objective of our excavations in this area was to determine the phasing and dating of the walls and features revealed during the 1961 excavations, with a view toward the future unification of this area with the new excavations immediately to the south. We excavated using the open area system as opposed to the trench system in use in the 1961 excavations. This is the first year for the change in excavation systems. On the final day of excavation we moved to an area west of the north-south road (cardo at c. 286E), measuring approximately 14.8 square meters, located at 282.3 to 285.8 E and 1017.5 to 1021.9 N. The following interpretive summary of the stratigraphy revealed to date will describe the strata in chronological sequence, proceeding from Early Roman activity (in the Room north of Room F,W), through Middle Roman strata associated with the demolition and construction of walls (in Room F), through the Late Roman activity connected to occupation, to the Byzantine occupation, and Frankish wall robbing. Although several coins were recovered in the course of the excavations, we are awaiting analysis due to the large number of coins recovered. ; ; Early Roman; Excavations of the fill in the Room north of Room F,W (NB228) west of the crosswall revealed strata (B5088, B5090, B5091) dating to the 1st century AC that appear to be leveling fill for the room. This fill was cut by a sequence of two concentric pits, the earlier (B5085, B5087) and the latter (B5079, B5080) both dating to the 3rd to 4th centuries AC. To the west to fill was cut by the foundation trench (B5060, B5064) of the west wall of Room F (NB228), also dating to the 3rd to 4th centuries AC. To this point, a foundation trench has not been detected along the northern side of W38 (NB228).; ; Middle Roman (3rd to 4th AC); Based on its elevation and configuration, the clay floor surface revealed by B5129 and B5132 is likely to date to the beginning of the Middle Roman period. It is cut by two pits of roughly contemporary date. One is a shallow, oval pit c. 0.75 by 1.0m with a north-south axis (B5134, B5153, B5154, B5155). Remnants comprising the majority of an amphora were excavated with a layer of ash (B5154) that may have been contained within the vessel. This fill will be water sieved. The other pit, roughly oval and measuring c. 0.90 by 1.0m with an east-west axis, was located beside a threshold at the corner of W19 (NB228) and the west wall of Room F (NB228). The fill (B5135) contained large amounts of ash and charcoal, and the finds recovered from the pit also showed evidence of burning: painted wall plaster, fine glassware, a Niederbieber type 77 amphora, and a one-half life size marble bust. The marble bust shows much greater exposure to fire on its right side, indicating that it was exposed to a fire rather than being intentionally burned. The situation of the pit as well as the contents suggest that the deposit was a calculated act intended as a ritual of as yet undetermined significance. It is possible that the contents of the pit represent goods and decoration from an elite house destroyed in part or in total by fire and subsequently ritually buried beside a threshold in a new residence constructed in the same general location but on a different plan.; The floor surface was also cut by the foundation trench (B5157) of the west wall of Room F (NB228). This foundation trench may be relatable to the strata excavated from the foundation trench of the west wall of Room F in the room north of Room F, W (B5060, B5064). As noted above, the Early Roman fill in the room north of Room F, W was cut by a sequence of two concentric pits, the earlier (B5085, B5087) and the latter (B5079, B5080) both dating to the 3rd to 4th centuries AC. It is probably that the use period of the clay floor surface was associated with the crosswall at c. 269E; it may also be that both features went out of use contemporaneously.; ; Late Roman; A major spatial reorganization of this area occurred in the Late Roman period around the late 4th to early 5th centuries AC. The crosswall at c. 269E (associated with the clay floor surface) was robbed out and backfilled with fill dating to the early 5th century AC (B5142, B5146, B5148, B5150, B5151, B5152). Probably at the same time or nearly so the west wall of Room F (NB228) was constructed at c. 266E. Part of its foundation trench was excavated as B5157 and dated to the 4th century AC; north of W38 (NB228), the west wall of Room F appears to continue northward, and B5060 and B5064 dug in its foundation trench date the wall to the 3rd to 4th century AC. The combination of these dates with the sequence of the clay floor surface and its covering strata suggests that the west wall of Room F (NB228) dates post 4th century AC, likely in the early 5th century AC at the time the floor appears to have gone out of use and the crosswall was removed. At c. 271.5E, a foundation trench was dug for W22 (NB228) and completely filled with strata containing very high percentages of medium cobbles and tile fragments (B5098, B5102, B5103, B5120). After the construction of the two new walls, a leveling fill (B5129, B5131, B5132, B5139) that dated after the 4th century AC was spread over the extent of the area between W22 (NB228) and the west wall of Room F (NB228). This fill postdates the construction of W22 (NB228), since its lowest layer (B5139) overlies part of the foundation fill of the wall and extends all the way to the wall. The situation with the west wall of Room F (NB228) is similar with B5129, in that the fill of B5129 extends to the west wall of Room F (NB228). ; ; Middle Byzantine (10th to 12th AC); The 1961 excavations removed most strata of the periods after the 6th century AC from the area of our initial excavations with the exception of fill in the bottom of Bothros 7 (NB228 - excavated in B5028, B5029, B5046, and B5047) and to the north and south of Bothros 7 (NB228) along the line of the robbing trench of the crosswall at c. 269E (B5044, B5094, B5128). It is likely that the construction of Bothros 7 (NB118) resulted in an area of mixed late Roman and middle Byzantine fill (north of the pit: B5027, B5031, B5032, B5034, B5039, B5041, B5042, B5043, B5044 - and south of the pit: B5121, B5128) over and partially cut into fill of the middle Byzantine period (B5033, B5038) as well as into the post 4th century AC leveling fill in Room F (B5129, B5131). ; The various strata suggest a date of around the 12th century AC for Bothros 7 (NB228). Although the original strata of Bothros 6 (NB228) were removed by the 1961 excavations, the relationship of the pit to W22 (NB228) would place the pit certainly after the 5th century AC and more probably in the Byzantine period to allow a reasonable period of use for W22 (NB228). It is clear that the stones of the upper courses of W22 (NB228) were robbed out between the northern limit of Bothros 6 (NB228) and W19 (NB228), but that the less useful fill of the foundation trench was only removed where it interfered with the need for new construction.; ; Frankish (mid-13th AC); A distinct change to a darker, more compact fill (B5113) at the bottom of the robbing trench of W19 (NB228) may indicate that a stratum undisturbed by the 1961 excavations was preserved. This fill dated to the mid 13th century AC. ; In the second area of our excavations west of the north-south road (cardo at c. 286E), a sequence of strata oriented along a southwest to northeast axis date to the Frankish period as well. These strata are aligned with a buried conduit connecting the castellum at 284E and 1016N to the well at c. 286.5E and 1022.5N. The removal of these contexts revealed a well-defined fill stretching from the eastern edge of B5162 under the un-cleared erosion accumulation in the ditch c. 286E. ; ; Modern (post 1961); A sequence of strata (B5116, B5117, B5119, B5127) that dated to the Late Roman period were removed from Bothros 6 (NB228); however, it is our view that these represent eroded accumulation from the strata to the west (B5131, B5139) and east (B5112, B5114) of the pit. It was apparent that Bothros 6 (NB228) was dug beyond its proper cutting on the eastern side, since no cutting on the expected line of the pit was present but rather a loose fill resting over the stones of W20 (NB228). In addition, stones from the wall had fallen into the accumulated strata in the pit. There were a number of levels of eroded accumulation (B5099, B5100, B5101) in the robbing trench of W19 (NB228) that dated to the middle Byzantine and early Modern periods; it is likely that these strata came from the balk immediately to the south left by the 1961 excavations. ; ; Conclusions and Caveats; Excavation in the room north of Room F, W are several centuries and decimeters further than those to the south of W38 (NB228); it will be necessary to excavated the clay floor surface and its associated fill (under B5132) and the strata east of the robbing trench of the crosswall at 269E (under B5139) prior to a return to the strata under B5191. The phasing of W38 (NB228) and the crosswall at 269E is of high importance to the configuration of the space. ; It would be useful to continue the excavation of the castellum at 284E and 1016N and its associated conduit by cleaning the area of the ditch at c. 286E and around the castellum and them removing the aligned stratum, which may give a construction date for the hydraulic complex. To date, the majority of the coins associated with our contexts have not been read; it will be necessary to revisit the dating when that evidence becomes available.","Report","","Corinthia | Ancient Corinth | Central Area | Nezi Field","" "","","Nezi Field 2012 by George, Charles; Valente, Rossana (2012-06-26 to 2012-06-27)","Corinth:Report:Nezi Field 2012 by George, Charles Valente, Rossana (2012-06-26 to 2012-06-27)","Corinth","","2012 Session 3 Team Blue Final Summary","","","Charles George, Rossana Valente; Nezi Field Excavations; N: 1015.90 N, S: 1006.90 N, E: 264.20 E, W: 255.50 E; 28 May – 22 June, 2012; ; This is a final summary of the third season of excavation (28th May – 22th June) in 2012 in the northwest area of Nezi field. Guy Sanders (director) and Heather Graybehl (field director) supervised. The blue excavation team consisted of Charles George and Rossana Valente (recorders), Athanasios Sakellariou (pickman), Athanasios Notis (pickman), Christos Sakellariou (shovelman), and Pavlos Sennes (barrowman).; Excavation began in the area bounded by the Giambouranis house (NB 252, NB 262, 1015.90 N) to the north, Wall 540 to the east (264.20 E), Wall 366 to the south (1006.90 N), and the balk of Nezi field (255.50 E) to the west. The lack of preserved architecture, except the partially preserved Wall 747, led us initially to interpret our area as exterior space associated with the Byzantine room to the south, bounded by Wall 366 and Robbing Trench 497 to the north (1006.00 N), Wall 365 to the south (1002.10 N), Wall 332 to the east (262.07 E) and Wall 306 to the west (258.01 E). The goal of this session was to further explore the Byzantine habitation layers found during earlier excavations in the area (2008 and 2009, sessions 1st and 2nd 2012), with the hope of better understanding the use of space in this area during Frankish and Byzantine times and also of reaching Late Roman material by the end of the season.; ; Late Antique (5th-7th AD); ; We have reached Late Antique contexts in the northeast of the area which are overlaid by Wall 540, dated to the late 11th c. For this reason, we cannot see the eastern ends of the contexts, and we suggest close cooperation and contact with the Pink Team’s excavations of the area east of the wall.; We have identified a mid 6th- early 7th c. AD floor (S 936, removed as 957), which seems to continue under wall 540, and we argue that it is equal to a floor in the Pink Area (S941). This context contained two fifth century nummi (coin no. 2012-159, 160), with five fifth century nummi (coin no. 2012- 162-166, 169) also found in what we interpret as the continuation of the floor to the north (959), and two fifth century nummi (coin no. 2012-161, 164 ) found in a suggested floor surface below S 936 (958). The excavation of the floor has revealed another possible floor, which itself was laid over another possible floor surface. This may suggest that we have a stratification of floors indicating several successive habitations during the Late Antique period. The section of the floor called 959 seems to be laid on an E-W wall (S 918), therefore dating the wall earlier. It is unclear when and under what circumstances the wall later was robbed out. However, further excavation in the area and removal of wall 540 should elucidate the relationship. ; ; Above floor S 936 is a tile destruction layer (934), which is likely equal to the tile destruction layer across wall 540 on the Pink Team’s tile destruction layer 929. The elevation of Pink 929 is roughly equivalent to that of Blue 934 and part of Blue 931, a leveling fill directly above the destruction layer. As supporting evidence for this relationship is an AFRS form 99, which has joining fragments both in Blue 931 and Pink 929.; ; Vast quantities of sherds of Late Antique pottery have been found in the fill of a Late Byzantine lime pit (the eastern part of pit is 878 and western part is 917), an ovular Byzantine pit (888), and adjacent cleaning contexts and leveling fills (895, 906, 907, 908). Also, a Late Antique glass bottle (MF 2012-50) and jar (MF 2012-51) have been found in the lime pit (917). While we have interpreted these all as redepositions, the large size of the glass sherds and the size and density of the pottery suggest that the Late Antique material in these fills does not show signs of frequent redeposition.; ; Late Byzantine (1059-1210 AD); ; The most important feature identified as Late Byzantine is the western portion of wall called 747, which dates to the late 11th c. The excavation of the fill to the east of western wall 747 has revealed a finished surface to the wall and an apparent end to the foundation beneath the wall. We think that in this space East of Western wall 747 there was an entrance. As the Western and eastern portions of wall called 747 are on the same axis, despite the gap and differences in construction, we maintain that they are contemporaneous and of the same structure. We still hope to determine whether there was an interior space north or south of the wall. North of 747 may have been exterior as suggested by the massive pit there (C 870, fill 844 and 868, W-E 258.43-261.89, S-N 1011.63-1014.56), which we have identified as a bothros, since it contains a mix of pottery ranging from the Geometric Period to the late 11th c.; ; Western Wall 747 seems to be surrounded by several leveling fills that are also dated to the Late Byzantine period. These leveling fills are both north (854, 855, 857, 858, 859, 863, 868, 869, 875, 876, 925, and 927) and south (897 and 904) of Wall 747. These leveling fills characterized by a yellowish brown soil, are poorly sorted, and there are not many material inclusions. Small quantities of pottery are found across these contexts. These small contexts are overlaid in several areas by various lenses of leveling fill, often consisting of harder-packed and different colored soil, but the pottery dates from all of these contexts suggest that they are all part of a relatively contemporaneous leveling of the area. None of these contexts has a precise date for the Late Byzantine period; we can relate this context to the Late Byzantine leveling activity of this area mainly by stratigraphic relationships. In the middle Byzantine dumped fill of a robbing trench along the W Scarp (950), we have found a likely-Christian clay bread mold (MF 2012-47). These fills seem bounded by Wall 747 in the south but extend as far as the Northern Balk.; ; We have found a lime pit (C 882, W-E 257.54-260.87 S-N 1008.88-1010.10, filled by 878 and 917) directly south of Western Wall 747. All the preserved sides of this pit are covered with lime. It is possible that the walls of this cut were intentionally covered with lime, for building purposes. For example, the lime pit may have been used for the construction of walls 747 and/or 540, which both also seem to date to the late 11th c. In a later action, this cut was filled by a dumped fill (878 and 917). The filling of this cut, dated to the late 11th c, is a secondary deposition of large quantities of Late Antique pottery (5th – 6th C). Excavation of the oven (S 910) and the area between the oven and the pit will elucidate the issue and will provide confirmation as to the western boundary of the pit, which is not yet certain.; ; Last but not least in importance is pit 888 (W-E 262.21-263.10, N-S 1009.06-1007.06). Partially excavated during session 1 (888=680), this pit seems to be a bothros. Its dumped fill, dated to the 11th C, seems to be a secondary deposition of much earlier material including large quantities of Late Antique (5th – 6th C) pottery, Late Antique coins (2012 22-29, 105-126), and a 2nd-3rd c. incised intaglio (MF 2012-33). ; ; Frankish (1210-1458 AD); ; During the Frankish period E - W Wall 747 was partially robbed out. As noted during session 2, certain fills (833, 744) excavated in the robbing trench for this wall were distinguished both in materials excavated and soil composition, and should be considered the first robbing episode of this structure. ; S of this robbing trench, we excavated a Frankish pit dated by the pottery to 1270 (C 926 filled by 883, 884, 885, 887, 889, W-E 261.88-264.03, S-N 1010.35-1008.90). The pit was particularly rich in finds, including luxurious items such as gilded bone bands (MF 2012-43, 45), incised bone knife handles (MF 2012-48), and gilded bronze flower-shaped clamps (MF 2012-53A, 53B, 54, 55) as well as stone- and metal- working tools such as a lead cupellation bowl (MF 2012-38) and an iron chisel (MF 2012-40). Also found was a pecten shell used by pilgrims travelling on the Way of St. James to Santiago de Compostela (MF 2012-34).; ; Below the pit, we came on the head of a well, a cistern, or a manhole (S 902 W-E 262.23-262.71, S-N 1009.55-1010.05). The structure is lined with plaster, and goes down 2.35 m, without any visible fill except for a small accumulation of debris, much of which is from our excavation of proximate contexts. The hole seems to have been intentionally closed with blocks. That it is a manhole is suggested by the slightly ovular shape of the hole, but it appears to be self-contained in all horizontal directions, which makes it more likely that it was a cistern or a well. That it is a well is suggested by the nearly intact water jug that was found at the bottom of pit 889, just centimeters away from the hole. Further excavation is needed to ; Another Frankish pit (C 871, filled by 860, W-E 255.51-256.95, S-N 1011.92-1013.63) was excavated during the second quarter of the 13th C, as its dumped fill suggests. This pit, located next to the W scarp of the excavation area has been interpreted as a bothros. Interestingly, the N side of the pit scarp is full of tile. A few large, unworked stones (possibly mined bedrock) are visible at the bottom on the E side. ; These pits may have been created for the purpose of storage. Generally Frankish pits were made along walls, as the surface of the wall offered an easy ready-made boundary for the pit. Our Frankish pits C 871 and C 926 correspond to this interpretation as do two Frankish pits excavated by the Pink Team (C 847, C 867).; ; Early Modern (1831-1945); ; Context 880 is the only context that has been dated to the Early Modern period, specifically Turkish II. We have interpreted the Turkish finds as contamination from the robbing trench for wall 747 (759), and therefore we interpret the context as a disturbance of the Frankish pit (C 926).; ; Recommendations; ; We recommend to future excavators the following:; ; 1. Take down Wall 540. We are now certain that the Late Antique floors in the northeast of our area (S 936, 939, and those stratigraphically below) continue under the wall and into the Pink area (see above). The excavation and dating of the wall would remove an obstacle to excavating in the area and would be helpful for dating in the area. Lastly, there are many walls in the Blue (S 747 and S 918) and Pink areas that misalign by as few as 0.10-0.30 m, and the excavation of the wall would help in seeing more clearly whether they are related and how.; ; 2. Excavate oven S 910 and the surrounding contexts in order to determine the relationship between the oven and the Byzantine lime pit to the east (C 882). ; ; 3. Excavate floors S 911 and S 912 to discern their dates as well as the relationship between the two floors and between the floors and the surrounding area; ; 4. Take down the contexts east of 949 and then proceed to finish its excavation. Digging in this area is important for understanding the boundary between the Late Antique material to the east and the 11th c. lenses of fill 844 to the west.; We hope that in the future, interior and exterior areas will be able to be identified, and that the Late Antique levels, now appearing in the NW, will become apparent throughout the area.","Report","","Corinthia | Ancient Corinth | Central Area | Nezi Field",""